The Crimean Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate, the last remnants of the Golden Horde, survived until 17 respectively.įurther information: Wings of the Golden Horde These internal struggles allowed the northern vassal state of Muscovy to rid itself of the ' Tatar Yoke' at the Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480. Within its territories there emerged numerous predominantly Turkic-speaking khanates. By 1466, it was being referred to simply as the ' Great Horde'. At the start of the 15th century, the Horde began to fall apart. However, soon after the 1396 invasion of Timur, the founder of the Timurid Empire, the Golden Horde broke into smaller Tatar khanates which declined steadily in power. The khanate experienced violent internal political disorder beginning in 1359, before it briefly reunited (1381–1395) under Tokhtamysh. The territory of the Golden Horde at its peak extended from Siberia and Central Asia to parts of Eastern Europe from the Urals to the Danube in the west, and from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea in the south, while bordering the Caucasus Mountains and the territories of the Mongol dynasty known as the Ilkhanate. The Horde's military power peaked during the reign of Uzbeg Khan (1312–1341), who adopted Islam. Īfter the death of Batu Khan (the founder of the Golden Horde) in 1255, his dynasty flourished for a full century, until 1359, though the intrigues of Nogai instigated a partial civil war in the late 1290s. It is also known as the Kipchak Khanate or as the Ulus of Jochi. With the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire after 1259 it became a functionally separate khanate. 'Great State' in Turkic, was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. The Golden Horde ( Tatar: Altın Urda, آلتین اوردو‎, Алтын Урда), self-designated as Ulug Ulus, lit. Shift from Mongol to Turkic occurred in the 1350s, or earlier, also used in chancery.

^ Especially the western Kipchak dialects, this language spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of the Black Sea steppe who were non-Mongol Turks, and those in the Khan's army.

^ Official language since the inception of the Golden Horde, used in chancery.

^ Their state came to be known in historiography as the Golden Horde or the ulus ('people' or 'patrimony') of Djochi, while the contemporaries simply referred to it as the Great Horde ( ulu orda).

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